9+ Singer 15-91 Sewing Machine Manuals (PDF)


9+ Singer 15-91 Sewing Machine Manuals (PDF)

The documentation for the Singer 15-91 stitching machine gives complete directions for its operation, upkeep, and restore. This sometimes contains diagrams, elements lists, troubleshooting guides, and detailed explanations of the machine’s options, reminiscent of threading, sew adjustment, and bobbin winding. An instance can be an in depth clarification of the best way to alter the strain for various material sorts.

Entry to this info is important for customers to maximise the machine’s potential and delay its lifespan. Correct upkeep and understanding of the machine’s features, as detailed within the documentation, can forestall injury and guarantee optimum stitching efficiency. Traditionally, these machines have been a staple in lots of houses and companies, and the documentation performed an important function of their widespread adoption and continued use. It empowered customers with the information to carry out primary repairs and changes, fostering self-sufficiency and lowering reliance on skilled restore providers.

This useful resource serves as a foundational reference for understanding varied elements of the Singer 15-91, from primary operation to extra superior strategies. Additional exploration would possibly cowl matters reminiscent of widespread repairs, sourcing substitute elements, or the historic significance of this specific mannequin throughout the Singer stitching machine lineage.

1. Operation Directions

Operation directions kind a important part of the Singer 15-91 stitching machine guide. These directions present a step-by-step information for utilizing the machine, masking important procedures from primary setup to executing varied stitching duties. This detailed steering ensures appropriate utilization, stopping potential injury because of improper operation. As an illustration, the directions clarify the proper threading path, bobbin winding course of, and needle insertion, all essential for stopping jams, rigidity points, and needle breakage. With out these clear directions, customers danger damaging the machine or producing substandard stitching outcomes.

The sensible significance of those directions is substantial. They bridge the hole between a posh mechanical gadget and the person’s capacity to harness its full potential. Clear, concise explanations demystify the machine’s operation, enabling even novice customers to provide high-quality stitching. Particular examples embody directions for adjusting sew size and width, deciding on totally different sew patterns, and using specialised presser toes. Entry to those directions empowers customers to confidently discover the machine’s capabilities and obtain desired outcomes throughout a variety of stitching tasks. Moreover, understanding the operational nuances detailed within the guide contributes to environment friendly troubleshooting, permitting customers to establish and rectify minor points with out requiring skilled help.

In abstract, operation directions throughout the Singer 15-91 guide are indispensable for efficient and protected machine use. They function the first useful resource for understanding the machine’s performance, empowering customers to attain optimum outcomes whereas minimizing the danger of harm. Mastery of those directions facilitates environment friendly operation, profitable troubleshooting, and a deeper appreciation for the machine’s versatility.

2. Upkeep Procedures

Upkeep procedures represent a important part throughout the Singer 15-91 stitching machine guide. This part particulars the required steps for preserving the machine’s performance and lengthening its operational life. Common upkeep, as outlined within the guide, instantly correlates with the machine’s efficiency and longevity. Neglecting these procedures can result in decreased efficiency, malfunctions, and finally, expensive repairs. A transparent cause-and-effect relationship exists: adherence to the prescribed upkeep procedures ends in optimum efficiency, whereas neglecting them contributes to untimely put on and tear. For instance, common cleansing and oiling, as instructed, decrease friction and forestall part injury, whereas neglecting these duties can result in stiffness, jams, and eventual breakdown.

The significance of the upkeep procedures part throughout the guide can’t be overstated. It serves as a preventative measure in opposition to potential issues, providing detailed directions on duties reminiscent of cleansing the bobbin case, oiling key mechanisms, and changing worn elements. Sensible examples embody directions on the best way to take away lint buildup, which may intrude with the machine’s timing, and the best way to alter the strain, which may forestall thread breakage and guarantee constant sew high quality. Understanding and implementing these procedures equips customers with the information to handle minor points earlier than they escalate into main repairs, saving time and expense.

In conclusion, the upkeep procedures detailed within the Singer 15-91 guide are important for preserving the machine’s efficiency and longevity. This part gives sensible, actionable steps that instantly impression the machine’s operational effectivity. Common and correct upkeep, as outlined within the guide, represents a proactive strategy to minimizing potential issues, maximizing the machine’s lifespan, and making certain constant, high-quality stitching outcomes. The connection between these procedures and the general well being of the machine is plain, highlighting the importance of this part throughout the guide.

3. Troubleshooting Information

The troubleshooting information throughout the Singer 15-91 stitching machine guide serves as a vital useful resource for addressing widespread operational points. This part empowers customers to diagnose and resolve issues, minimizing downtime and lowering the necessity for skilled restore providers. Its presence throughout the guide underscores the producer’s dedication to person autonomy and environment friendly machine upkeep.

  • Thread Jams

    Thread jams characterize a frequent subject in stitching machines. The troubleshooting information sometimes affords step-by-step directions for clearing jams, together with diagrams illustrating the thread path and bobbin mechanism. An actual-world instance would contain a person experiencing repeated thread breakage and discovering steering on adjusting the strain or re-threading the machine appropriately. This information prevents frustration and potential injury to the material or machine.

  • Needle Breakage

    Needle breakage can happen because of varied components, reminiscent of utilizing the flawed needle sort or hitting a tough object. The troubleshooting information gives insights into figuring out the reason for breakage and deciding on the suitable needle for various materials. As an illustration, a person trying to stitch denim with a light-weight needle would possibly discover steering on selecting a heavier-duty needle, stopping future breakage and making certain correct sew formation.

  • Irregular Stitching

    Inconsistent sew size or skipped stitches can point out points with rigidity, timing, or the feed canines. The troubleshooting information affords options for adjusting rigidity, checking the timing, and cleansing the feed canines. A sensible instance entails a person noticing uneven stitches and consulting the information to find that lint buildup is affecting the feed canine mechanism. Cleansing, as instructed, restores constant sew high quality.

  • Motor Malfunction

    Though much less widespread, motor points can come up. The troubleshooting information might supply primary checks customers can carry out, reminiscent of verifying energy connections and making certain correct lubrication. Whereas the guide may not cowl complicated electrical repairs, it could information customers by preliminary checks to find out if skilled help is critical. For instance, a person experiencing a non-responsive motor would possibly discover directions to examine the facility twine and foot pedal connection, probably resolving the problem with out requiring a technician.

These sides of the troubleshooting information throughout the Singer 15-91 guide collectively contribute to person self-sufficiency and environment friendly machine upkeep. By offering clear, actionable steps for addressing widespread points, the information empowers customers to take care of optimum machine efficiency and lengthen its operational life. This useful resource finally enhances the person expertise and reinforces the worth of the guide as a complete information to the Singer 15-91 stitching machine.

4. Elements Identification

Elements identification constitutes an important part throughout the Singer 15-91 stitching machine guide. This part gives detailed diagrams and descriptions of particular person elements, enabling customers to grasp the machine’s inside workings and facilitating efficient upkeep and restore. A transparent connection exists between correct elements identification and profitable troubleshooting and restore. With out correct identification, customers danger misdiagnosing issues and probably inflicting additional injury throughout tried repairs. The inclusion of this part throughout the guide underscores its significance in sustaining and servicing the machine.

Sensible purposes of elements identification are quite a few. As an illustration, when changing a worn feed canine, correct identification ensures the proper half is ordered and put in. Equally, understanding the perform and placement of the bobbin case meeting permits for efficient cleansing and lubrication, stopping jams and rigidity points. An actual-world situation would possibly contain a person experiencing skipped stitches. Via the elements identification part, they will find and examine the needle plate and feed canines, probably figuring out a bent needle plate as the foundation trigger. This information empowers customers to carry out primary upkeep and deal with widespread issues with out counting on skilled help.

In abstract, the elements identification part throughout the Singer 15-91 guide serves as a elementary useful resource for customers. This detailed information permits knowledgeable upkeep, correct troubleshooting, and profitable repairs. Understanding the perform and placement of every part empowers customers to take possession of their machine’s maintenance, selling self-sufficiency and lengthening the operational lifetime of the Singer 15-91.

5. Sew Changes

Sew changes characterize a important facet of mastering the Singer 15-91 stitching machine, and the guide dedicates a good portion to explaining this performance. Understanding these changes permits for versatile stitching throughout varied material sorts and venture necessities. The guide gives detailed directions and diagrams, empowering customers to attain exact management over sew traits. This information is important for producing professional-quality outcomes and maximizing the machine’s capabilities.

  • Sew Size

    Sew size determines the gap between consecutive stitches. The guide particulars the best way to alter this setting, sometimes utilizing a dial or lever. An extended sew size fits basting and gathering, whereas a shorter size gives stronger seams for finer materials. Sensible examples embody adjusting to an extended sew for basting a garment collectively earlier than remaining stitching or utilizing a shorter sew for topstitching particulars. The guide’s directions guarantee exact management over sew size, impacting each the looks and sturdiness of the completed product.

  • Sew Width

    Sew width applies to zig-zag and different ornamental stitches, controlling the lateral motion of the needle. The guide explains the best way to alter sew width, typically utilizing a separate dial or lever. A wider sew creates a extra pronounced zig-zag, appropriate for ornamental finishes or buttonholes, whereas a narrower width produces a tighter, much less conspicuous sew. The guide would possibly present examples like utilizing a large zig-zag for appliqu or a slim zig-zag for ending seam allowances. Understanding this adjustment permits customers to create varied ornamental results and safe seam edges successfully.

  • Sew Kind/Sample Choice

    The Singer 15-91 affords a variety of sew patterns past straight and zig-zag stitching. The guide particulars the best way to choose totally different patterns, typically through a dial or lever system. Examples embody blind hem sew for invisible hems, buttonhole sew for creating buttonholes, and varied ornamental stitches for elaborations. Clear directions throughout the guide guarantee customers can confidently choose and make the most of the machine’s full vary of sewing choices, increasing artistic potentialities.

  • Reverse Stitching

    Reverse stitching reinforces seams by stitching backward over the start and finish of a sew line. The guide explains the best way to interact the reverse sew mechanism, normally a lever or button. This perform secures seams and prevents unraveling. A sensible instance entails securing the ends of a seam on a garment to forestall it from coming undone throughout put on. Clear steering on utilizing the reverse sew perform contributes to the general sturdiness {and professional} end of stitching tasks.

Mastering sew changes, as detailed within the Singer 15-91 guide, is important for reaching versatile {and professional} stitching outcomes. The guide’s complete directions and examples empower customers to make the most of the machine’s full potential, making certain exact management over sew traits and increasing artistic potentialities. The flexibility to regulate sew size, width, sort, and make the most of reverse stitching elevates the stitching expertise from primary performance to nuanced craftsmanship.

6. Bobbin Winding

Bobbin winding represents a elementary process for working the Singer 15-91 stitching machine, and the guide dedicates a selected part to this course of. Correct bobbin winding instantly impacts sew high quality and total machine efficiency. The guide’s directions present a transparent, step-by-step information to winding the bobbin appropriately, emphasizing the significance of constant thread rigidity and correct bobbin placement. Failure to comply with these directions can lead to uneven stitching, thread breakage, and potential injury to the machine. This cause-and-effect relationship underscores the importance of the bobbin winding directions throughout the guide. A sensible instance illustrates this connection: if the bobbin is wound erratically, the ensuing thread rigidity fluctuations could cause the machine to jam or produce inconsistent stitches. The guide’s steering helps customers keep away from these points by making certain appropriate bobbin winding strategies.

The bobbin winding part throughout the guide sometimes contains detailed diagrams illustrating the thread path, bobbin placement, and the engagement of the bobbin winding mechanism. These visuals complement the written directions, facilitating person comprehension and lowering the chance of errors. Sensible purposes of this data lengthen past primary stitching. As an illustration, when switching thread colours or sorts, correct bobbin winding ensures constant rigidity and sew high quality all through the venture. Moreover, understanding the bobbin winding mechanism permits customers to troubleshoot potential points, reminiscent of a jammed bobbin or inconsistent thread supply. The guide’s directions empower customers to handle these widespread issues, minimizing downtime and maximizing stitching effectivity. An actual-world situation would possibly contain a person experiencing frequent thread breakage. By consulting the bobbin winding part of the guide, they may uncover that incorrect threading or rigidity throughout bobbin winding is the foundation trigger. Correcting the process, as instructed within the guide, resolves the problem and improves sew high quality.

In abstract, the bobbin winding directions throughout the Singer 15-91 guide represent an integral part for profitable machine operation. This part gives clear, sensible steering, supported by diagrams and real-world examples, that instantly impacts sew high quality and total machine efficiency. Understanding and adhering to those directions empowers customers to take care of constant thread rigidity, troubleshoot widespread points, and maximize the longevity of their Singer 15-91 stitching machine. Mastery of this seemingly easy process contributes considerably to the person’s total stitching expertise and the manufacturing of high-quality outcomes.

7. Pressure Regulation

Pressure regulation is a important facet of working the Singer 15-91 stitching machine, and the guide dedicates a big part to this matter. Correct rigidity is important for reaching balanced stitches, stopping thread breakage, and making certain clean material feed. The guide gives detailed directions and diagrams illustrating the strain mechanism and its adjustment procedures. Understanding these directions is essential for producing high-quality stitching outcomes and avoiding widespread points like puckering, looping, or thread snapping. This part throughout the guide bridges the hole between primary machine operation and reaching professional-level stitching outcomes.

  • Higher Thread Pressure

    The guide explains the best way to alter the higher thread rigidity, sometimes utilizing a numbered dial or management. This adjustment controls the quantity of rigidity utilized to the thread because it passes by the machine. Actual-world examples embody rising rigidity for thicker materials or lowering it for delicate supplies like silk. Correct higher thread rigidity ensures balanced stitches and prevents the thread from pulling too tight or too free, which may trigger puckering or looping. The guide’s directions present particular steering on reaching optimum higher thread rigidity for varied stitching situations.

  • Decrease Thread Pressure (Bobbin Pressure)

    Whereas much less continuously adjusted than higher thread rigidity, the guide additionally addresses bobbin rigidity regulation. It sometimes advises in opposition to adjusting the bobbin rigidity except particularly instructed to take action. Nonetheless, it could present steering on checking and correcting bobbin rigidity if points come up. As an illustration, if the bobbin thread is pulling too tight, the guide would possibly recommend checking for lint buildup or different obstructions throughout the bobbin case. Understanding the interplay between higher and decrease rigidity, as defined within the guide, is essential for reaching balanced stitches and stopping thread-related issues.

  • Balancing Higher and Decrease Pressure

    The guide emphasizes the significance of balanced rigidity between the higher and decrease threads. It gives steering on the best way to visually assess sew high quality to find out if rigidity changes are wanted. For instance, if the bobbin thread is seen on the highest facet of the material, it signifies that the higher rigidity is simply too free. Conversely, if the higher thread is seen on the underside of the material, the higher rigidity could also be too tight. The guide’s directions present sensible ideas for reaching balanced rigidity, making certain the stitches interlock appropriately throughout the material layers and produce a clean, even seam.

  • Troubleshooting Pressure Points

    The guide’s rigidity regulation part typically features a troubleshooting information for addressing widespread tension-related issues. This information gives step-by-step directions for diagnosing and resolving points like thread breakage, skipped stitches, or puckered seams. A sensible instance entails a person experiencing skipped stitches. The guide would possibly recommend checking the needle for injury or adjusting the strain primarily based on the material sort. This troubleshooting steering empowers customers to handle tension-related issues independently, minimizing downtime and frustration.

Understanding rigidity regulation, as detailed within the Singer 15-91 guide, is key for reaching professional-quality stitching outcomes. The guide’s complete explanations, diagrams, and troubleshooting steering empower customers to diagnose and resolve tension-related points, maximizing the machine’s capabilities and producing constant, high-quality stitches throughout varied materials and tasks. This part of the guide underscores the intricate relationship between correct rigidity and profitable stitching, enabling customers to attain exact management over their stitching and create sturdy, aesthetically pleasing completed merchandise.

8. Technical Diagrams

Technical diagrams throughout the Singer 15-91 stitching machine guide present essential visible representations of the machine’s inside elements, their relationships, and operational features. These diagrams function indispensable instruments for understanding the machine’s mechanics, facilitating efficient upkeep, repairs, and troubleshooting. A direct correlation exists between the readability and comprehensiveness of those diagrams and a person’s capacity to efficiently service and preserve the machine. Diagrams typically depict exploded views of part assemblies, thread paths, and the interplay of assorted elements throughout operation. This visible info enhances the written directions, enabling customers to know complicated mechanical ideas extra readily. For instance, a diagram illustrating the bobbin case meeting clarifies the position of particular person elements, facilitating correct cleansing and lubrication. Equally, a diagram depicting the thread path assists in appropriately threading the machine, minimizing the danger of jams or rigidity points. The sensible significance of those diagrams lies of their capacity to translate complicated mechanical info into simply comprehensible visible representations.

Additional evaluation reveals the sensible purposes of technical diagrams throughout the guide. When troubleshooting malfunctions, diagrams allow customers to pinpoint the placement of particular elements and establish potential downside areas. As an illustration, a diagram illustrating the feed canine mechanism can help in diagnosing points associated to material feeding. Furthermore, diagrams assist the elements identification part of the guide, permitting customers to visually establish and order substitute elements appropriately. An actual-world situation would possibly contain a person needing to switch a worn-out presser foot. The diagram of the presser foot meeting, coupled with the elements listing, permits correct identification and ordering of the proper substitute half. This integration of visible and textual info throughout the guide empowers customers to carry out primary upkeep and repairs confidently.

In abstract, technical diagrams throughout the Singer 15-91 stitching machine guide are important for complete understanding and efficient machine upkeep. These diagrams improve comprehension, facilitate troubleshooting, and assist correct elements identification. Their presence throughout the guide underscores their essential function in empowering customers to carry out primary repairs and upkeep, selling self-sufficiency and lengthening the operational lifetime of the machine. Challenges in understanding complicated mechanical programs are addressed by clear visible representations, reinforcing the worth of the guide as a complete information to the Singer 15-91.

9. Security Precautions

Security precautions represent a important part throughout the Singer 15-91 stitching machine guide. This part particulars important security measures to forestall accidents and guarantee person well-being throughout machine operation. A direct causal relationship exists between adherence to those precautions and the prevention of accidents. Neglecting security pointers can result in varied hazards, together with needle punctures, entanglement in transferring elements, or electrical shocks. The inclusion of this part underscores the producer’s dedication to person security and accountable machine operation. A sensible instance illustrates this connection: failure to disconnect the facility earlier than altering the needle may lead to unintentional activation and a needle-related harm. The guide’s emphasis on security procedures goals to mitigate such dangers.

Additional evaluation reveals the sensible significance of the protection precautions part. Particular security directions sometimes embody pointers for correct machine setup, protected needle dealing with, precautions in opposition to free clothes or hair close to transferring elements, and electrical security measures. Actual-world situations spotlight the significance of those precautions. As an illustration, carrying free jewellery whereas working the machine may result in entanglement and potential harm. Equally, neglecting to unplug the machine earlier than cleansing or upkeep may lead to unintentional activation and electrical shock. The guide’s security precautions deal with these potential hazards, offering clear directions to mitigate dangers and guarantee a protected working atmosphere. The inclusion of diagrams illustrating protected practices additional reinforces the significance of those precautions.

In abstract, the protection precautions detailed within the Singer 15-91 guide are paramount for accident prevention and person well-being. This part gives important pointers that instantly impression person security, minimizing the danger of accidents related to machine operation. Adherence to those precautions demonstrates accountable machine use and fosters a protected stitching atmosphere. The connection between these security measures and the prevention of accidents is plain, highlighting the important function of this part throughout the guide. Challenges associated to person complacency or lack of knowledge are instantly addressed by clear, concise security directions, emphasizing the significance of accountable machine operation for a protected and productive stitching expertise.

Continuously Requested Questions

This FAQ part addresses widespread inquiries relating to the Singer 15-91 stitching machine and its accompanying guide. The data offered goals to make clear potential factors of confusion and supply sensible steering for customers.

Query 1: The place can one acquire a replica of the Singer 15-91 guide?

Copies can typically be discovered on-line by varied sources, together with public sale websites, devoted stitching machine elements web sites, and digital archives. Printed copies can also be accessible by used bookstores or specialised classic stitching machine sellers.

Query 2: What info is often included throughout the guide?

The guide sometimes covers operation directions, upkeep procedures, troubleshooting guides, elements identification diagrams, sew adjustment explanations, bobbin winding directions, rigidity regulation particulars, and security precautions.

Query 3: How does the guide contribute to efficient machine upkeep?

The guide’s upkeep procedures part outlines important steps for cleansing, oiling, and common maintenance. Adherence to those procedures prolongs the machine’s operational life and ensures optimum efficiency.

Query 4: How does the troubleshooting information help customers?

The troubleshooting information affords options to widespread operational issues, reminiscent of thread jams, needle breakage, and irregular stitching. This useful resource empowers customers to handle minor points independently, lowering the necessity for skilled repairs.

Query 5: What’s the significance of the elements identification diagrams?

Elements identification diagrams allow correct identification of particular person elements, facilitating efficient repairs and substitute half ordering. These diagrams visually characterize the machine’s inside workings, selling person understanding and self-sufficiency in upkeep.

Query 6: Why are security precautions emphasised throughout the guide?

Security precautions are essential for stopping accidents throughout machine operation. The guide emphasizes protected practices to mitigate dangers related to needle dealing with, transferring elements, and electrical elements. Adherence to those precautions ensures person well-being and accountable machine use.

Understanding the data introduced throughout the Singer 15-91 guide is essential for efficient and protected machine operation. The guide serves as a complete useful resource, equipping customers with the information to take care of, troubleshoot, and function the machine efficiently.

Additional exploration of particular matters associated to the Singer 15-91, reminiscent of widespread repairs or historic context, can improve understanding and appreciation for this traditional stitching machine.

Ideas for Utilizing the Singer 15-91 Stitching Machine

The following pointers, derived from the Singer 15-91 stitching machine guide, supply sensible steering for optimum machine operation and upkeep. Common utility of the following tips ensures constant efficiency and prolongs the machine’s lifespan.

Tip 1: Common Cleansing and Oiling: Amassed lint and particles can impede the machine’s efficiency. Common cleansing, as outlined within the guide, ensures clean operation. Oiling key elements, utilizing the really helpful oil sort and frequency, minimizes friction and prevents put on.

Tip 2: Correct Needle Choice and Set up: Utilizing the proper needle sort for the material being sewn prevents needle breakage and ensures correct sew formation. Check with the guide for needle suggestions and set up directions. Broken or bent needles ought to be changed instantly.

Tip 3: Correct Threading and Bobbin Winding: Incorrect threading or bobbin winding can result in rigidity issues, thread breakage, and skipped stitches. Comply with the guide’s threading diagrams and bobbin winding directions meticulously for constant sew high quality.

Tip 4: Pressure Adjustment In accordance with Material: Pressure changes are essential for balanced stitches and clean material feed. Seek the advice of the guide for steering on adjusting rigidity primarily based on the material sort being sewn. Take a look at the strain on a scrap of cloth earlier than stitching the ultimate venture.

Tip 5: Common Upkeep Checks: Periodically examine the machine for free screws, worn elements, and lint buildup. Handle any points promptly, referring to the guide for steering. Preventative upkeep minimizes the danger of main malfunctions.

Tip 6: Correct Storage: When not in use, cowl the machine to guard it from mud and particles. Retailer the machine in a dry, secure atmosphere to forestall injury from humidity or unstable surfaces.

Tip 7: Seek the advice of the Troubleshooting Information: When encountering operational issues, seek advice from the troubleshooting information throughout the guide earlier than searching for skilled restore. The information typically gives options to widespread points, empowering customers to handle issues independently.

Constant utility of the following tips, derived from the Singer 15-91 guide, ensures optimum machine efficiency, extends its lifespan, and contributes to a constructive stitching expertise. These sensible pointers empower customers to take care of their machines successfully and obtain high-quality stitching outcomes.

The next conclusion summarizes the important thing advantages of using the Singer 15-91 guide and gives remaining suggestions for customers.

Conclusion

Documentation for the Singer 15-91 stitching machine gives complete steering for operation, upkeep, and restore. Exploration of this documentation reveals detailed directions encompassing operational procedures, upkeep schedules, troubleshooting steps, elements identification, sew changes, bobbin winding strategies, rigidity regulation, technical diagrams, and security precautions. Entry to and comprehension of this info are essential for efficient and protected machine utilization. This useful resource empowers customers to maximise machine capabilities, delay operational life, and obtain desired stitching outcomes.

Continued reliance on the Singer 15-91 guide ensures sustained performance and optimum efficiency. Correct utilization of this useful resource represents a dedication to accountable machine possession and the preservation of a useful software. The guide’s complete nature equips customers with the information vital for profitable operation, upkeep, and troubleshooting, finally fostering a constructive and productive stitching expertise. Its continued relevance underscores the enduring worth of complete documentation in supporting the efficient use of complicated mechanical units.